Sunday, January 26, 2020
Cannibalism: As sanctioned by a cultural norm
Cannibalism: As sanctioned by a cultural norm What would you choose, eat or be eaten? Will you save your life or save others? Its a very hard decision, to cannibalize your fellow humans. Its a matter of choice. Many of us are not convinced with this kind of matter, its very hard to accept that cannibalism sometimes use for survival. Its because the practice of cannibalism can also be considered as a crime. (Adams, 2004) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day. For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ New Testament, John 6:53-55 Cannibalism is also called anthropophagy, eating of human flesh by another human. There are some reasons for cannibalism, in some tribes; it is a part of their culture, so the act of cannibalism is being practiced. Another reason is that cannibalism is a form of survival. The hungry people for instance trapped in a wild place, the tendency of it is for them to find a food source, and if they cant find any food it can lead to Cannibalism or what we called the survival cannibalism. And the most common reason for cannibalism is the insanity of people. (Adams, 2004) It was considered a great triumph among the Marquesans to eat the body of a dead man. They treated their captives with great cruelty. They broke their legs to prevent them from attempting to escape before being eaten, but kept them alive so that they could brood over their impending fate. With this tribe, as with many others, the bodies of women were in great demand. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004) The anthropologist Tim White suggests that cannibalism was common in human societies before the beginning of the upper Palaeolithic period. He based his theory on the butchered human bones that found in Neanderthal and another low/middle Palaeolithic sites. (White, 2006) Cannibalism lower and in middle Palaeolithic may have occurred because of food scarcity. (Owen, 2006) In early history cannibalism is mentioned many times. In bible (2 kings 6:25-30) wherein two women decided to eat their children (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) the same story that was told by Flavius Josephus during the invasion of Jerusalem by Rome, cannibalism is also documented during the starvation in Egypt that caused by the failure of Nile river to flood for eight years (1073-1064 BC). (Against Jovanius-Book II, 1893) As in modern times, (modern era) there are many cases of cannibalism especially during World War II, the brutality of Japanese is spread, due to lack of food sources. Even soldiers probably killed and ate during and after the battle. During starvation, soldiers are forced to eat the diseased prisoner even though it is disgusting, but they have no choice because that is the only way for them to survive. It is an example of survival cannibalism. (Ang, 2005) Anthropologists have made no serious attempt to disabuse the public of the widespread notion of the ubiquity of anthropophagists. in the deft hands and fertile imaginations of anthropologists, former or contemporary anthropophagists have multiplied with the advance of civilization and fieldwork in formerly unstudied culture areas. The existence of man-eating peoples just beyond the pale of civilization is a common ethnographic suggestion. Arens, 1981 The manners of the Androphagi are more savage than those of any other race. They neither observe justice, nor are governed, by any laws. They are nomads, and their dress is Scythian; but the language which they speak is peculiar to themselves. Unlike any other nation in these parts, they are cannibals. Rawlinson, 1858-1860 The Anthropophagi, whom we have previously mentioned as dwelling ten days journey beyond the Borysthenes, according to the account of Isigonus of Nicà ¦a, were in the habit of drinking out of human skulls, and placing the scalps, with the hair attached, upon their breasts, like so many napkins. Bostock and Riley 1855 I believe that when man evolves a civilization higher than the mechanized but still primitive one he has now, the eating of human flesh will be sanctioned. For then man will have thrown off all of his superstitions and irrational taboos. -Diego Rivera When humans eat the flesh of other humans in able for them to survive this is what we called survival cannibalism. This is the only generally accepted form of cannibalism but still it is punishable by the law. Some people think that all people have the capacity to eat other people if you put them in right circumstances. As mentioned a while ago regarding the cannibalism during World War II, it is considered as survival cannibalism because of famine. (http://www.trutv.com/) Eating someone who has died in order to survive is incorporating their substance, and it is quite possible to compare this with a graft. Flesh survives when assimilated by someone in extreme need, just as it does when an eye or heart of a dead man is grafted onto a living man (Auxiliary Bishop of Montevideo. Read, pp.1974. Alive. Avon, New York) In early 1942 an Indian soldier Hatam Ali was a witness of cannibalism during World War II. He tried to escape from the hand of the Japanese but before he leaves, he witnessed the brutality of Japanese among the prisoners as well as the soldiers because they are lack of food sources, they ate the diseased prisoner sometimes they draw lots. Whoever was picked was the one who will be killed and cooked. Could you imagine you are eating human flesh everyday? (Armando, 2005) Nothing more strongly arouses our disgust than cannibalism, yet we make the same impression on Buddhists and vegetarians, for we feed on babies, though not our own. Steevenson 1850 Ritualistic and Epicurean Cannibalism, the modern forms of this type of cannibalism is very similar and can be seen in some other tribes. The only difference is that this type of cannibalism is associated with satanic and cult group rituals. Epicurean and nutritional cannibalism is the rarer and is usually considered as a sub-motivation of other forms of cannibalism, such as the survival cannibalism and the sexual cannibalism. (http://www.trutv.com/) The ritual cannibalism is more complicated type of cannibalism compare to other types, because human flesh are sold as a medicine in various human diseases. This is something exotic, because the medicines are came from human flesh, some American food cultist studied about the use of human placenta as a remedy in any human diseases. (Janzen, 1980) In Helsinki, Finland in 1999, there two men and a teen-aged girl arrested because of the torture, murder and cannibalism of a twenty-three year old man. They claimed that they are satanic and they perform a ritualistic killing. (http://www.trutv.com/) The cannibalistic practice among criminals is increasing over the last century particularly in the western hemisphere. The law makers around the world are forced to establish or to update the law regarding cannibalism. Because many crime including criminal cannibalism has been reported and well documented. In some cultures the act of criminal cannibalism maybe an acceptable element for another culture. (http://www.trutv.com/) There are many people who refuse to believe that cannibalism is being practiced in this modern civilized age. Somehow there is much proof suggesting that it does occurred and with some frequency. There are so may documented cases of cannibalism particularly during the last 100 years. (http://www.trutv.com/) Self cannibalism is a practice of eating oneself. The other term for self cannibalism is auto cannibalism or auto sarcophagi. (http://meish.org) Some people are engaged in self cannibalism because of body modification for example eating your own skin because of body modification or by drinking your own blood. This practice is called auto vampirism. But sucking blood from wounds is not considered as cannibalism. (Anonymous) On January 13, 2007 the Chilean artist Marco Evaristti was a host in a dinner party for his friends. The main meal is agnolotti pasta which was topped with a meatball made from artist own fat. (http://www.news.com.au/ ) Self-cannibalism sometimes used in brutality as a torture method. Like Erzebet Bathor, she tortured her servants by forcing them to eat their own flesh. (Adams, 1986) In 16th century, during the time of Spaniards, they forced the native people to eat their own testicles as a capital punishment. (De La Torre, 1986) The Chijon family were a gang of cannibals in South Korea. This group of cannibals was founded by Kim Ki Hwan, a former convict and six other prisoners joined the gang. The Chijon family is composed of 7 criminals, the objective of this gang is to kidnap rich people and extort money from their families, Because of the anger of this gang to the rich people, forced them to kill the best customers in one of the most exclusive department store in Seoul, South Korea. After the crime the six members of chijon family were found guilty in murdering five people in 1994. After the crime, one member of chijon family confessed in front of many people that he ate the flesh of one of the victims and saying that he wanted to renounce his humanity. The gang realized that they need more tactical and more effective way to kidnap a wealthy old men. The gang was able to get the list from renegade personnel. The list contained the name of the big time customers. With the use of that list they choose who the next victim is. On November 1, 1994 the chijon family was sentenced to death because of the five people they killed. (http://www.imaeil.com/) Another case of cannibalism has been reported in South Korea. A self-confessed cannibal named Yoo Young-chul that was born in 1970 in South Korea admitted that he killed 21 people; most of them are prostitutes and rich old men. The Seoul central district court accused him of 20 murders (one case dismissed on a technicality). He burned three of his victims and chopped the body of at least 11 of them and after that he confessed that he ate the livers of some of his victims. This crime was happened between September 2003 and July 2004. When Yoo was arrested, in front of media he explains his motive, Yoo said that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ women shouldnt be sluts and the rich should know what theyve done à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ On July 19, 2005 he was sentenced by death by the Supreme Court. Because of that case, the South Koreans open their minds about the capital punishment in South Korea. (http://trutv.com) Cannibalism exists because of the hungry people, due to lack of food sources, many people are forced to cannibalize their fellow human because that is the only thing that they can do in able for them to survive. There are many cases of cannibalism in different countries like in China, Korea and Japan. Some people are practicing the act of cannibalism because its a part of their culture, but some other people are practicing the act of cannibalism because of insanity. The most generally accepted form of cannibalism is the survival cannibalism but its still punishable by the law. If you put yourself in a situation wherein youre going to choose, to eat or be eaten, its a very hard decision, as a matter of fact many people choose to eat human flesh rather than to die because of hunger. Based on my study, I found out that there are three things why cannibalism has been practiced in some other countries. First, the insanity of People, second, as sanctioned by a cultural norm and lastly, for survival.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Position Paper: Iraq War and Just War Theory Essay
Thesis: The war effort in Iraq that is currently being led by the United States fails to meet many of the qualifications of a just war as laid out in the Just War Theory, so one can take a position that the effort is unjust. I will argue that the United States not only disregarded some of the conditions of the theory, but that we actually broke most of the conditions which would be required in order for a war effort to be deemed â€Å"just†.            When the United States chose to go to war in Iraq, the international fallout following the decision was both dramatic and decisive. There was outcry from other countries who described the United States’ war effort as being â€Å"unjust†. Though there are many ambiguous ways to look at the justness of the war, the position that the war is unjust can be supported by the findings in the Just War Theory. The war effort in Iraq that is currently being led by the United States fails to meet many of the qualifications of a just war as laid out in the Just War Theory, so one can take a position that the effort is unjust. I will argue that the United States not only disregarded some of the conditions of the theory, but that we actually broke most of the conditions which would be required in order for a war effort to be deemed â€Å"just†.            The Just War Theory itself is not a document that leaves anything to chance. In fact, it is not ambiguous at all in the way that it defines a just war effort. Those who formulated the philosophy left no stone unturned. Instead, they were sure to include a detailed basis for understanding that was broken into two broad sections, with further explanation given in each section. The first condition for a just war that must be met is known as Jus ad bellum, which is the first set of criteria documented to determine if a war is just or not. According to the actual literature of the Just War Theory, this section â€Å"†¦Assesses the reasons for war and establishes the set of criteria we use for determining whether or not a particular war is legitimate†(Just War Theory). Included in this part of the Just War Theory are six sub-headings, including â€Å"just cause†, â€Å"just intentions†, â€Å"legitimate authority†, â€Å"publicly declared†, â€Å"last resort†, and â€Å"reasonable costs†. Together, these things help create a clearer picture of whether or not a war cause can be justified by those who wage war.            The United States’ war in Iraq can be justified under the â€Å"just cause†part of Jus ad bellum, but in order for a war to be just, it must be able to pass all of the segments of this theory. Whether the war in Iraq fails first is in its intentions. According to this portion of the Just War Theory, â€Å"Just intentions demand that war should always aim for peace and that any war must be limited to its stated aim†(Just War Theory). In the case of the United States, this has not been the case. The cause at hand was just because it sought to liberate the Iraqi people from the tyranny of Hussein. Once that dictator was ejected, the war effort did not stop, though. Instead, it has turned into an occupation that has turned the United States into a conquering imperialistic nation. The real intentions of the war are hidden and are much more complicated that what meets the eye. The desire for control of oil and the political posturing in the Middle East are among those reasons. According to Stephen Jendraszak of the Ball State Daily News, â€Å"Our true motivation is oil, just as it has been in the past. After Sept. 11, the administration was stunned by the amount of Saudi involvement in the terrorist attacks†(Jendraszak).            The third condition of this part of the Just War Theory was also violated. This deals with the authority to make war as an American nation. According to the Constitution of the United States, U.S. Congress has the power â€Å"To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water†(U.S. Constitution). Congress has yet to declare war in this situation, meaning that the U.S. led occupation is not just according to the theory. The Just War Theory also demands that the declaration of war be a public one. Since no declaration was made, there was obviously no public announcement of that decision.            An interesting part of the Just War Theory is section e of the first part, where it discusses the idea of a â€Å"last resort†. In this case, the United States tried some diplomacy, but they did not exhaust all of their options. In fact, the U.S. government did much to get in the way of good diplomacy in this case. Instead of allowing United Nations’ led inspectors to look over the Iraqi grounds, the U.S. put undue pressure on the Iraqi government. In fact, the United Nations went so far as to pass U.N. Resolution 1441, which states that the U.N. is †Determined to ensure full and immediate compliance by Iraq without conditions or restrictions with its obligations under resolution 687 (1991) and other relevant resolutions and recalling that the resolutions of the Council constitute the governing standard of Iraqi compliance†(U.N Resolution 1441). It was the United States’ lack of patience in letting this resolution play out that is a primary reason why the war should be deemed, â€Å"unjust†.            In addition to those things, I take the position that the U.S. had no justification for going to war based upon article â€Å"f†of the Just War Theory. This is the part of the theory that weighs the costs of going to war against the cost of allowing the current situation to persist. Though the grievances in Iraq were many, they are far outweighed by both the human and financial cost that has resulted from the war. The United States has spent billions of dollars fighting the war in Iraq and the military has lost thousands of soldiers. On top of that, the civilian casualties in Iraq have been many. Because of this, I stand by the position that the war in Iraq is not a just one.            The second broad section of the Just War Theory is known as Just in bello. This is the part of the theory that deals with the actual undertaking of the war itself. Who can be attacked and how is a country allowed to make that attack? This section deals with two sub-points, identified as proportionality and discrimination. In regards to proportionality, the Just War Theory states, â€Å"The quantity of force must be in proportion to the aim of the immediate action, e.g. it would be disproportionate to employ a nuclear weapon against a sniper firing from a populated village†(Just War Theory). Given the fact that the Iraqi government and military led no attack against American forces in our country or abroad, it is easy to make an argument that the response was neither measured nor proportional. The United States started its effort in Iraq with a period of bombings that were known as â€Å"shock and awe†. This is itself is an indictment against the justness of the war, seeing as the name implies that the attack was meant to be proportionally great one in comparison to what would follow in the war. The attack, which consisted of United States’ bombers dropping large bombs on major places in Iraq, took out not only the Iraqi military locations, but also caused many civilian casualties. Given the fact that the original intention of the war was to go and liberate the Iraqi people from the tyranny of Hussein, this response lacks the proportionality that is required in order for a war to be called just. With that knowledge, one can easily take the position that the United States’ war effort in Iraq once again broke an article of the Just War Theory and could thus be called an unjust effort.            The second portion deals with discrimination, which is defined in much more detail in the document. This is something that the United States government has learned to do moderately well, but the many mistakes that have occurred thus far are enough to deem this war as an unjust one. In the literature of the Just War Theory, it states that discrimination happens when, â€Å"Combatants must discriminate between legitimate and illegitimate weapons and between legitimate and illegitimate targets†(Just War Theory). This implies that a measure of judgment is required by the leaders and those carrying out the war in order to understand what an appropriate weapon to use is and what an appropriate place to target is. As indicated earlier in the discussion over the â€Å"shock and awe†tactics employed in the early part of this war effort, one can easily see that the United States government did not do a great job of identifying targets and further, they used force that was far too strong given the circumstances. The nature of the war in Iraq has demanded that the United States military do a lot of fighting in close quarters and in civilian laden areas. The fact of that matter is that the U.S. has not correctly identified their targets and when they have, the weapons have been so strong that lots of collateral damage has occurred.            The war in Iraq can be described in a number of different ways and with a number of different words depending upon who is doing the describing. Many times, the political biases get in the way of actual discussion over whether or not the war was a just one. The Just War Theory, however, does not accommodate for any of that political posturing. It is a clear theory and given the facts that are laid out within it, one can easily take the position that the war in Iraq was an unjust one. Not only did the United States break a few of the conditions for the Just War Theory, they practically smashed the majority of them. By looking at the Just War Theory and applying it to the situation in Iraq, I come away with the feeling that the United States may have had a just cause, but they did not come anywhere near meeting any of the other conditions that are required in order for a war to be just. Works Cited United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1441. Retrieved from http://www.edenbridgetown.com/ethics/reference/war/un_res_1441.shtml United States Constitution. Article One, Section Eight. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articlei.html#section8 Jendraszak, Stephen. Jack Of All Trades: War in Iraq unjust, short-sighted. Ball State Daily News Online. 7 January 2003. Retrieved from http://media.www.bsudailynews.com/media/storage/paper849/news/2003/01/07/Opinion/Jack-Of.All.Trades.War.In.Iraq.Unjust.ShortSighted-1300588.shtml
Thursday, January 9, 2020
A Speech About South Africa´s Democracy and Freedom Essay
Greetings, my fellow South Africans. Today we are here to come together and unite in our quest for a continued democratic government. I, BB HH, am the president and founding member of the Democratic Fusion Committee (DFC). This nurtured, beautiful, beloved Rainbow Nation has encountered its birthday of being a democratic society for twenty long, splendid, strengthening years. This society climbed it’s arduous journey out of the rubble and dystopia that was our past and transformed this country from a barren wasteland filled with lies, deception and hate into a utopia from which sprung forth equality, freedom and love. The hands of Tata Madiba, by which this great nation was born, worked tirelessly to achieve the democracy we have†¦show more content†¦With this, a teaching program will be established to revitalize the minds of our nation’s teachers along with new schools being constructed in areas of over-population and high illiteracy percentages. Seminars that are funded by the government wi ll also be available to illiterate men and women of all ages who wish to read and write. This will increase the rate of employment, especially in tourism, and therefore our country’s economy will thrive. I believe that, as a nation, we need to move forward from Apartheid and liberate ourselves from our past in order to move forward. We have sworn to uphold our basic human rights in our constitution and now I swear to you, that I myself will uphold these rights and, maybe most importantly, the right to equality. When I speak of equality, not only do I speak of equality between the races of our Rainbow Nation, but the equality between education, equality between employment and equality between gender. Since the beginning of time, women, of all races, have been confined to the stereotypical ideology that we are inferior to men. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020
What Are 10 Examples of Things That Are Not Matter
What are some examples of things that are not matter? To answer the question, you need to understand what matter is. Everything that has mass and takes up space is matter. Every day, you encounter phenomena that either dont have mass or dont take up space. They are non-matter. Basically, any type of energy or any abstract concept is an example of something that is not matter. Things That Are Not Matter Here are several things that dont meet the definition of matter: TimeSoundSunlightRainbowLoveThoughtsGravityMicrowavesHeatMemoriesInformationReflectionsEnergy Other examples include dreams, magnetism, radio, and hate. Learn More Examples of Matter: Now you know what matter is not. Here are examples of what it is.Why Light and Heat Arent Matter: Theres a reason forms of energy dont qualify as matter.Structure of Matter: Matter organizes in a predictable manner.State of Matter of Fire: What about fire? It has heat and energy. Is it matter?The States of Matter: Learn about liquids, solids, gases, and plasma.
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